Android and Chrome (OS) operating systems are both Linux-based operating systems. However, Android is designed for touch computing on phones & tablets while the Chrome OS is for Netbooks. Both operating systems focus on security and use a common set of methods to make them more secure they call "sand boxing". Here are some ways each are different yet complimentary and will change security, browsing and mobile application development.
The Android operating system is designed mostly for touch computing and will work on screens that range in size for 3 inches to 12 inches and don't have keyboards. The Android marketplace has application written for the operating system in the marketplace for download. How long will the marketplace last as Chrome becomes more popular and the cloud become the computing standard for mobile. I think the days are number for the iPhone App Store and the Android Marketplace as the mobile web becomes a seamless browsing experience.